Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is indeed a significant and common respiratory virus. It was first discovered in 2001, though retrospective serologic studies suggest the presence of antibodies to hMPV in humans dating back over 50 years, indicating the virus has been circulating for much longer than previously realized. Like other respiratory viruses, it is most spread through person-to-person contact, typically through the respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or by touching contaminated surfaces. hMPV tends to be more common in the winter and early spring months, overlapping with other viral infections like the flu and RSV.
Who can be affected by hMPV – Human Metapneumovirus?
While anyone can be infected, hMPV primarily affects young children, older adults, and individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplant recipients. Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) can affect individuals of all ages, but certain groups are at a higher risk of experiencing more severe symptoms or complications. Also, hMPV during pregnancy is still being studied, respiratory infections may be a risk to both the mother and the baby.
Pregnant women may experience more severe symptoms, and complications could affect fetal development or lead to preterm labor. Pregnant women need to take precautions to avoid infections, including practicing good hygiene and seeking medical advice if they show signs of illness.
Symptoms of HMPV
In general, hMPV symptoms mimic those of the common cold runny nose, cough, sore throat, fever, and sometimes wheezing. These symptoms usually resolve within 2-5 days, but they may last longer in vulnerable populations. While most cases are mild, some individuals particularly children may develop more serious conditions such as bronchiolitis or pneumonia, especially if they are younger than 5 years old. Severe disease can also affect older adults or individuals with chronic lung diseases like asthma or COPD. Most cases of hMPV resolve on their own, and treatment is generally supportive, aiming to manage symptoms such as fever or congestion. However, individuals with severe symptoms or complications may require more intensive medical care, including hospitalization.
How contagious is Human Metapneumovirus?
hMPV is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets and surface contact, so good hygiene practices, such as frequent hand washing and disinfecting surfaces, are important preventive measures. To accurately diagnose this virus in humans and differentiate it from other respiratory infections, several diagnostic tests are available. Because hMPV symptoms closely resemble those of other respiratory viruses like the flu or RSV, laboratory tests are crucial to confirm the diagnosis. The test includes an hMPV PCR Test, rapid Antigen Tests, and bronchoscopy.
- hMPV PCR Test: This is a molecular test that detects the genetic material of hMPV. The tests(test) involve collecting a sample through nasal swabs or throat swabs and then processed in a laboratory to amplify and identify the virus’s genetic code.
- Rapid Antigen Tests: These tests detect specific viral proteins present in the body during infection. These tests are used in some clinical settings where fast results are necessary but may need to be followed up with PCR testing for confirmation.
- Bronchoscopy: A bronchoscopy is a procedure in which a thin, flexible tube is inserted into the airways through the mouth or nose to examine the lungs and airways directly. Bronchoscopy may be done if a patient shows signs of lower respiratory tract involvement, such as wheezing, persistent cough, or difficulty breathing, especially in children or immunocompromised adults.
By utilizing these tests, healthcare providers can determine whether a patient is infected with hMPV or another virus, guide treatment decisions, and recommend measures to prevent further transmission, protecting both individual and public health.
Source of research for this article: National Library of Medicine – Human Metapneumovirus
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